I don't care about business models, I care about applications, and at true billion user trillion device scale the only scaling pattern that succeeds is user visible federation.
Email, the DNS, the HTML/HTTP hyperlink, XMPP, and the blockchain have no rent seeking gatekeeper business model, and do not require billion dollar data centers.
The past 15 year drive to unitary silo'ed apps with a rent-seeking gatekeeper has been a mistake that has diverted too much engineering effort towards just keeping them running instead delivering user-desired features and value, and has been driven by the corrupting need of VCs for their mythical billion dollar exits, and the telco encouraged temporary exhaustion of global address space and thus a temporary breaking of the end to end principle.
This is temporary, unsustainable, and not scalable to 10 billion users.
